Understanding the Peer Review Process

Peer review remains the foundation of scholarly trust, yet its mechanics are often opaque to new authors and reviewers. This tutorial compares single-anonymous, double-anonymous, and open review, then follows a manuscript through every stage: editor screening, reviewer invitation, assessment, and the decision letter. Authors learn how to read reviewer reports constructively and how to prepare a strong revision-and-response that addresses each point. New reviewers receive a practical checklist for writing fair, specific, and humane reports, declaring competing interests, and respecting confidentiality. We also discuss reviewer recognition and the editor's role in weighing conflicting recommendations to reach a balanced, defensible decision.