Publication Ethics

This journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and follows the principles of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). All parties — editors, reviewers, and authors — are expected to observe these standards.

Authors

Authors must ensure their work is original, properly cited, and free of fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. Simultaneous submission to more than one journal is not permitted. All listed authors must have contributed substantially to the work.

Editors

Editors evaluate manuscripts solely on intellectual merit, without regard to the authors’ identity, and maintain confidentiality. Editors recuse themselves from handling manuscripts in which they have a conflict of interest.

Reviewers

Reviewers provide objective, confidential assessments and disclose competing interests. Any concerns about ethics or integrity are reported to the editor.